Meta Data Management

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Meta Data Management

Philip A. Bernstein

Sergey Melnik

{philbe, melnik}@microsoft.com

Microsoft Research

S= eminar presented at ICDE, Boston, April 1, 2004

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Management

lMeta data =3D structural information

<= span style=3D'font-size:71%;font-weight:normal'>ØDB schema, interface defn, web site map, form defn= s, …

Table Defns

C++ interfaces

UML Architecture

VB interfaces

ER Diagram

Forms

Bill

Customer

Update

Marketing

Inventory

Authorize

Credit

Order

Entry

Schedule

Delivery

Business = 3;

Process<= /span>

Emp.Sal <

Emp.Mgr.Sal

Business Rules

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Problems

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lData translation

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lSchema evolution

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lXML message translation

lApplication integration

lData warehouse loading

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lER/UML design tools

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lWrapper generation for SQL

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lUI / 4GL generation

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lDependency tracking

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lLineage tracing

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lInfo resource mgmt

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lBinding, renaming

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lSoftware build (make)

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal'>lConfiguration mgmt

Ø<= /span>

lMany data management applications primarily involve transformations of structured data

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lIntroduction

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lMeta data problems

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lDesign patterns

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lSolution templates

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lResearch background

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Why Meta Data is Important

lMany DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØInstead of writing code

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØInstead of manipulating data directly

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lMeta-data-based solutions all involve models (schemas) and mappings

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØMappings - data transformation= s, queries, dependencies, …

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØModel, manipulate, and generate them

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØUsually, generate code from th= em

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

= Example: Object-Oriented Wrapper for SQL Tables

l= Manually program a wrapper for each table

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lThis is very repetitive work

lSo you write a program to generate a wrapper for each table

Interface i= s an OO <= i>class representing
<= i>a SQL table

Code to map OO operations =

to SQL operations

wrapper

SQL = Table

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

OO wrapper for SQL (cont’d)

SQL Defns

lThe wrapper generator does the following:

Ø= Imports each table definition into a model

Ø= Generates a model for the class wrapper

Ø= Generates a mapping from table to class

Ø= Generates code from the class model and mapping.

SQL model

Purc= haseOrder

OrdID

OrderDate

static void Main()

Console.WriteLine("Importing Schemas");

// transform both to trees

TransformXSDToTree transformXSDToTree =3D new TransformXSDToTree();

Graph tree1 =3D transformXSDToTree.Execute(graph1);

Graph tree2 =3D transformXSDToTree.Execute(graph2);

// linguistic similarity matrix

SimMatrix linguisticM= atrix =3D new SimMatrix(

= ; tree1, tree2,

}

Code

Class model

PurchaseOrder

OrdID

OrderDate

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file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0113.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Example – Data Translation

<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal'>lTransla= te data from one data model to another

<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal'>lEither = write a program or generate it

Hierarchical Schema

Relational Schema

Purc= haseOrder

OrdID

OrderDate

Item= s

OrdID

I_Name

Item#

PO#

POdate

POLines

Prod#

PName

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta-data-Speak

data Employee Table

model =3D meta data Schema for the

Employee Table =

metamodel =3D = ; &n= bsp; Schema for “Table,”

meta-meta data “Column”, “Key,” …

meta-meta-model =3D Built-in types

me= ta- meta-meta data (usually hard-coded)

Meta-data-Speak English Example

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lIntroducti= on

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lMeta data problems

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lDesign patterns

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lSolution templates

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lResearch background

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings

lUsually, it’s an object manager

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal;text-shadow:none'>ØOO programming language

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal;text-shadow:none'>ØOODB

lHence, meta-metamodel is the obje= ct manager’s built-in types= 3;

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%;font-weight:normal;text-shadow:none'>ØClasses, attributes, methods, objects

ØPlus operators to manipulate them= , such as = NewClass, NewAttribute, NewObject, WriteAttribute

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., f= or SQL schemas)

Table

Colu= mn

Key<= /b>

Data= type

If the meta-metamodel is

OO, then the metamodel

consists of class definitions

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13

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

1

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., for SQL schemas)

2

M= odel

I= mporter

Model

=

=

=

SQL Defns

SQL
Metamodel

Instance-of

3
Build a model importer for e= ach metamodel

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14

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

1

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., for SQL schemas)=

2

3

Build a model importer for e= ach metamodel

4
Invoke model importer(s)

M= odel

I= mporter

Model2 = ;

Model1 = ;

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15

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

1

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., for SQL schemas)=

2

3

Build a model importer for e= ach metamodel

4

Invoke model importer(s)

DW schema

source schema

DW loading

target interfaces

source interfaces

App integration

target format

source format

Msg translation

target schema

source schema

Data translation

Model2

Model1

Problem

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16

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

1

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., for SQL schemas)=

2

3

Build a model importer for e= ach metamodel

4

Invoke model importer(s)

5

Generate or design mappings

ER Model = ;

SQL Model = ;

generate<= /div>

Data Source M= odel = ;

Data Target M= odel = ;

design

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17

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solution Template

Get a data manager for models and mappings<= /span>

1

Design metamodel(s) (e.g., for SQL schemas)=

2

3

Build a model importer for e= ach metamodel

4

Invoke model importer(s)

5

Generate or design mappings

6

Generate code: data / msg translat’n script,
app wrapper, ETL script, view defn’s, e= tc<= b>.

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Tabl= e

Column

Example – Data Translation

Meta
<= i>Models

Record

Field

Repeating Grou= p

Purc= haseOrder

OrdID

OrderDate

Item= s

OrdID

I_Name

Item#

Schemas

a.k.a.
Models

PO#

POdate

POLines

Prod#

PName

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

For each [po#, poD, poL] in PO

Insert [= po#, poD] into PurchaseOrder

For each [prod#, pN] in poL

Insert [prod#, po#, pN] into Items

End =

End

Generated <= /div>

data

translation

script

Purc= haseOrder

OrdID

OrderDate

Item= s

OrdID

I_Name

Item#

Schemas

= a.k.a.
<= i>Models

PO#

POdate

POLines

Prod#

PName

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Da= ta Problems

lData translation

lOO or XML wrapper generation for SQL DB

lUser-Interface / 4GL-program generation

lDesign tool support (DB, UML, …) =

ØModel generation, reverse engineering <= /span>

ØRound-trip engineering

lSchema evolution (applies to all scenarios)

lXML message translation for e-commerce =

lIntegrate custom apps with commercial apps<= /span>

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Problems (cont’d)

lData warehouse loading (clean & transform) = 3;

lLineage tracing (provenance)

lInformation resource management =

lDependency tracking

Ø= ;Impact analysis

Ø= ;Navigation between tools

lBinding, renaming

lSoftware build (make)

l= Version and configuration management

Ø= ;Release management

Ø= ;Product data management

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Solutions

lThey strongly resemble one another

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWe characterize that resemblance

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØPrototypical problems, or design patterns=

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØSolution specifications, or solution templates

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØPrimitive solution steps, or <= span style=3D'color:#FFCC29;mso-color-index:3'>operators =

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lGoals

ØA methodology to solve meta da= ta problems

ØUltimately, operator implementations to turn solution templates into solution programs

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lIntroducti= on

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lMeta data problems

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lDesign patterns

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lSolution templates

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lResearch background

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Data Design Patterns

lDesign pattern – a problem description consisting of&#= 13;

Ø= ;Input models and mappings
Ø= ;Output models and mappings <= /div>
Ø= ;Criteria for the output to be correct

Ø= ;An <= u>application specializes it to meta models and mapping languages

lSolution template – a sequence of operators producing the desired output

lOperato= rs – a single step that computes a model and/or mappings

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Operat= ors

lmap =3D Match (M1, M= 2)

Ø= ;Return a mapping between the two models

láM= 2, map12ñ =3D Mo= delGen(M1, metamodel2)

Ø= ;Return a model M2 that= is expressed in metamodel2 and is equivalent to model M1

láM= 3, map13, map23ñ = =3D Merge (= M1, M= 2, map)

Ø= ;Return the union of models M1 and M2

lmap3 =3D = Compose(map1, map2) =3D m= ap1 ○= map2

Ø= ;Return the composition of map1 and map2, which is a mapping from map1’s domain to map2’s range.

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Operat= ors (cont’d)

lmap3 =3D Confluence(map1, map2) =3D m= ap1 Å map2

Ø= ;Return the “merge” of mappings = map1 and = map2

láM= 2, map12ñ =3D Ex= tract(M1, map)

Ø= ;Return the sub-model of M1 that participates in th= e mapping map

láM= 2, map12ñ =3D Di= ff(M1, map)

Ø= ;Return the sub-model of M1 that does not participate in the mapping map

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Design Patterns

lMeta Modeling=

lModel Mapping=

lModel Generation

lModel Integration

lMapping Composition

lMapping Alignment

lChange Propagation

lModel Reintegration

Single

Operator

Solutions

SM: single operator are probably just the following: Model Generation, Mapping Composition, Mapping Alignment

Schema Reintegration -> Model Reintegration?

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Modeling

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lDesign pattern – develo= p a representation (i.e. metamodel) for models and mappings <= /span>

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lApplications – they all depend on this =

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lSolution template

= ØDesign a metamodel

= ØWrite Import & Export functions

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>§ImportSQL, ImportXSD, ImportERD, …

ØToday, it is manual engineering design

= ØDesign once and reuse often

SM: changed “design patterns depend …” to “applicatio= ns depend …”

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Meta Modeling (cont’d)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lThe Import function for models

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØParse text

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØCopy elements of the parsed fo= rm into a model that conforms to its metamodel

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lThe Import function for mappings

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØSame as models but may require more semantic analysis

ØE.g., program dependencies, da= ta lineage

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>ØFor some languages and mapping= metamodels, Export is hard (e.g., XSLT)

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Model Mapping

lDesign pattern – Design a mapping between two models and generate code from it=

M1

M2

map= = ;

lApplications

Ø= ;Data translation

Ø= ;XML message translation for e-commerce =

Ø= ;Integrate custom and commercial apps

Ø= ;Data warehouse extract, transform & load <= /span>

lSolution templates

Ø= ;map =3D Match (M1, M= 2); Export(= map)

Ø= ;Mapping reuse: Compose, Confluence

SM: Moved from slide to comments: “Match is usually not fully automatable”. Added “Mapp= ing reuse” instead

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

An XML Mapping Tool

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

A Data Warehouse Loading Tool

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Model Generation

<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal'>lDesign pattern – Given a model, generate an <= span style=3D'font-size:88%'>equivalent model in another metamodel

M1

M2

map= = ;

lApplications

Ø= ;Wrapper generation (SQL ® OO or XML)

Ø= ;Design tools (ER ® SQL, SQL ® ER) <= /div>
Ø= ;UI/4GL generation

lSolution temp= late

Ø= ;áM= 2, map&n= tilde; =3D ModelGen(= M1, metamodel2); Export(M2)

Ø= ;ModelGen often needs human guidance<= /div>

SM: actually, ModelGen executes a functional meta-mapping between two meta-models. Output is a target model + mapping between source and target: <target, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(source, meta-map);

Examples:

execute meta-mapping (rules):<= ;SQL, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(ER, rules);

execute mapping: <XSD2, insta= nce map> =3D ExecuteMapping(XSD1, xslt);

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Model Integration

lDesign pattern R= 11; Given two models, develop a model that subsumes both of them

M1

M2

map= 12

l= Applications

Ø= ;View integration

Ø= ;Data integration

l= Solution temp= late

Ø= ;áM= 3, map13, map23ñ = =3D Merge (= M1, M= 2, map); Export(M3, map13, map23)

<= ![if !ppt]>
M3 = ;

map23

map13

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35

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Mapping Composition

l= Design pattern – Compose two given mappings

M1

M2

map= 12

M3

map= 23

map13

lApplications

Ø= Processing queries on views
lSolution templates

Ø= map13 =3D = Compose(map12, map23)

Ø= Answering queries using views (LaV),
Query modificati= on (GaV), GLaV

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36

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Mapping Alignment

lDesign pattern – Align two mappings between the same pair of models

M1

M2

map= 3

map2

lApplications

Ø= P2P query processing, mapping design

lSolution template

Ø= map3 =3D Confluence(map1, map2)

map1

Input mappings may be partial and/or inconsistent

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37

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Model Reintegration

lDesign pattern R= 11; Given a model and mappings to two modified versions of the model, produce <= span style=3D'font-size:88%'>a merged model

M1

M3

M2

map12
map13

<= ![if !ppt]>
M4

map24
map34

l= Applications

Ø= ;Parallel development

l= Solution template

Ø= ;Multistep application of many operators

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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

38

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Change Propagation

lDesign pattern R= 11; Given two models and a mapping. One model changes. Fix the mapping and other model.

M1

M2

map= 12

M1¢ = ;

lApplications

Ø= ;Schema evolution, interface evolution, … = ;

Ø= ;Required maintenance for all meta data problems= 3;

lSolution temp= late

Ø= ;Requires all of the operators

<= ![if !ppt]>
M2¢
map= 12

¢

map22
¢<= /span>

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

lIntroduction

lMeta data problems

lDesign patterns

lSolution templates

ØMod= el reintegration

ØCha= nge propagation

lResearch background

lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Model reintegration

<= span style=3D'font-size:113%;font-weight:normal'>lDesign pattern

ØReconcile independent changes =

ØAll changes of each model

ØNo “duplicate additions” <= /span>

lSimplified example=

Ø“= ;Additions” =3D add model element
   (also: drop constraints, reorg. model) =

Ø“= ;Deletions” =3D delete model element
   (also: add constraints, reorg. model) <= /span>

ØMappin= gs shown as lines betw. elements

l

Ø=

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

mR

OrderID

Product

Rebate/Discount

ShipDate

Design

pattern

OrderID

Product
Brand

Discount

ShipDate

OrderID

Product

Rebate

OrderID

Product

Brand

m

mA

mB

m_mA

m_mB

m_mR

Need model m to identify additions / deletions in mA and mB.

Cannot simply merge mA and mB (deletions are lost).

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------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0187.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

42

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Naive =

solution

OrderID

Product

Brand

m

mA

OrderID

Product

Rebate

mB

OrderID

Product
Brand

Discount

ShipDate

<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal'>lDirect model integration “loses” either deletions or additions

<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;font-weight:normal'>lNeed m,= m_mA, m= _mB=

Merge?

m_mA

m_mB

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43

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Solution

template

OrderID

Product

Brand

m

mA

OrderID

Product

Rebate

mB

OrderID

Product
Brand

Discount

ShipDate

mA¢

OrderID

Product

Rebate

mB¢

OrderID
Product
Discount

ShipDate

=

lPropagate deletions before integrating mA= and mB=

= ?

m_mA

m_mB

mA_mA¢

mB_mB¢

(begin)<= /span>

Map m_A and m= _B

Need mapping between m_A and m= _B

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44

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

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m_mA ○ mA_<= span style=3D'mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:133%'>m<= /span>A¢

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45

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

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m_mB ○ mB_mB¢

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text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

46

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

OrderID

Product

Brand

m

mA¢

OrderID
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mB¢

OrderID
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Discount

ShipDate

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mR

OrderID

Product

Rebate/Discount

ShipDate

(end)

Solution

template

=

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mA¢ and mB= using mA¢_mB= ¢

l

A¢B¢

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lCompose

lAlign
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file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0192.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

47

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

=

script Reintegrate(m, mA, m_mA, mB , m_mB)

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>1. ámA¢mA_mA¢ñ =3D PropagateDeletions(m, mA, m_mA, mB, m_mB);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>2. ámB¢mB_mB¢ñ =3D PropagateDeletions(m, mB, m_mB, mA, m_mA);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>3. ámAx, mA¢_mAxñ =3D Diff(mA¢, Invert(m_m<= /span>A ○ mA_mA¢));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>4. ámBx, mB¢_mBxñ =3D Diff(mB¢, Invert(m_m<= /span>B ○ mB_mB¢));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>5. mAx_mBx =3D Match(mAx, mBx);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>6. mA¢_mB¢ =3D (mA¢_mAx ○ mAx_mBx ○ Invert(mB¢_mBx)) Å
        = ;             (Invert(m_m<= /span>A ○ mA_mA¢) ○ m_m<= /span>B ○ mB_mB¢);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>7. ámR, mR_mA¢, mR_mB¢ñ =3D Merge(mA¢, mB¢, mA¢_mB¢);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>8. m_mR =3D (m_m<= /span>A ○ mA_mA¢ ○ Invert(mR_mA¢)) Å= ;
        = ;         (m_mB ○ mB_mB¢ ○ Invert(mR_mB¢));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>9. return ámR, m_mRñ;

=

Solution script

mA¢

mAx

mB¢

mBx

mA

m

mR

mB

Mapping reuse
pattern

Mapping reuse pattern: line 6 and 8

m_A =3D m_A− deleted by way of m_B

m_Ax =3D new in m_A= ;

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48

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Compose

Sub-pattern: propagate deletions

m

mA

mB

Diff

(added to mB)

(not deleted = ;

by way of mA)

Extract

<= ![if !ppt]>
Merge

Compose, <= /span>

Confluence

Discount

ShipDate

OrderID
Product

mB¢

OrderID

Product
Discount

ShipDate

OrderID

Product
Brand

Discount

ShipDate

OrderID

Product

Brand

OrderID

Product

Rebate

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Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWwADAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQBa AAEAgAAAAAAAAAIIjI+py+0PYQEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0194.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

49

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

script PropagateDeletions(s1, d1, s1_d1, s2, s1_s2)

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>1. d1_s2 =3D Invert(s1_d1) ○ s1_s2;

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>2. ám, d1_mñ =3D Extract(d1, d1_s2);&nbs= p;

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>3. án, d1_nñ =3D Diff(d1, Invert(s1_d1)); =

4. ád2, d2_m, d2_nñ =3D Merge(m, n, Invert(d1_m) ○ d1_n);<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>5. d1_d2 =3D (d1_m ○ Invert(d2_m)) Å= ; (d1_n ○ Invert(d2_n));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>6.return ád2, d1_d2ñ;

s1_s2<= /span>

s1_d1<= /span>

d1<= /span>_s2<= /span>

Extract

(to keep in <= i>d1<= /span>)

(still in = s2<= /span>)

Diff

Solution script

<= ![if !ppt]>
Merge

s1

s2

d1

d2

n

=

m

=

m_A =3D m_A− deleted by way of m_B

m_Ax =3D new in m_A= ;

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Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0200.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

50

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

lIntroduction

lMeta data problems

lDesign patterns

lSolution templates

ØMod= el reintegration

ØCha= nge propagation

lResearch background

lWrap up

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51

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Change propagation<= /span>

lSolution template

ØPropagate deletions

ØInclude additions

ØMerge result

------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0196.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

52

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Change propagation

=

s1_s2<= /span>

s1_d1<= /span>

PropagateDeletions

(added)

Diff

script PropagateChanges(s1, d1, s1_d1, s2, s1_s2)

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>1.ád1¢, d1_d1¢ñ =3D Propag= ateDeletions(s1, d1, s1_d1, s2, s1_s2);

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>2.ás2¢, s2_s2¢ñ =3D Diff(s2, Invert(s1_s2));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>3.ád2, d2_s2¢, d2_d1¢ñ =3D Merge(s2¢, d1¢, Invert(s1_s2 ○ s2_s2¢) ○ s1_d1 ○ d1_d1¢);

4. d1_d2 =3D (Invert(s1_d1) ○ s1_s2 ○ s2_s2¢○ Invert(d2_s2¢ )) Å= ; (d1_d1¢ ○ Invert(d2_d1¢));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>5. s2_d2 =3D (Invert(s1_s2) ○ s1_d1 ○ d1_d1¢ ○ Invert(d2_d1¢)) Å (s2_s2¢ ○ Invert(d2_s2¢));

<= span style=3D'font-size:83%;color:black;mso-color-index:2'>6.return ád2, d1_d2, s2_d2ñ;

(w/o deleted)

s2<= /span>_d2<= /span>

Merge

s1

s2

d1
<= ![endif]>

d1¢<= /span>

s2¢<= /span>

d2

=
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file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/slide0197.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management

53

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Reintegration
Propagation of deletions

Change propagation

Compose

Extract

Diff

Merge

Confluence

Data integration

View integration

Schema evolution

Model mapping
Mapping reuse
Match

Schema versioning

. . .

. . .

First-cut taxonomy of patterns
. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Legend

A=

B=

<= b>A uses B in
its solution

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lIntroducti= on

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lMeta data problems

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lDesign patterns

<= span style=3D'color:gray;font-weight:normal'>lSolution templates

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lResearch background

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Foundation of operators

lView & schema integration (Merge)

Ø= ;Batini et al: ACM Comp. Surveys, 18 (4), ’86

Ø= ;Beeri, Milo: ICDT ‘99
Ø= ;Biskup, Convent: SIGMOD ‘86

Ø= ;Buneman et al: EDBT ’92
Ø= ;Casanova, Vidal: SIGMOD ‘83

Ø= ;Lenzerini: PODS ’02

Ø= ;Motro: IEEE TSE, 13:7, ’87

Ø= ;Pottinger, Berstein: VLDB ’03

Ø= ;Rosenthal, Reiner: TODS 19 (2), ‘94

Ø= ;Spaccapietra, Parent: TKDE 6 (2), ’94

lComposition of queries, views, GLAV maps; query proces= sing

Ø= ;Abiteboul, Vianu, Hull: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Ø= ;Fernandez et al: TODS 27 (4), ’02

Ø= ;Madhavan, Halevy: VLDB’03

Ø= ;Papakonstantinou et al, SIGMOD ’99

Ø= ;Shanmugasundaram et al, VLDB ’01 =

Ø= ;Shu et al, TODS 2 (2), ’77

lView selection, answering queries using views (Extract, = Confluence)&#= 13;

Ø= ;Agrawal et al: SIGMOD ’01 =

Ø= ;Chen et al: IDEAS ’02
Ø= ;Chirkova et al: VLDB ’01 <= /div>
Ø= ;Gupta et al: PODS ’03
Ø= ;Halevy: VLDB J. 10:4, ‘01 =

Ø= ;Li et al: ICDT ‘01

Ø= ;Theodoratos et al: DKE 39 (3), ‘01

lView update, vi= ew complement (Diff)

Ø= ;Bancilhon, Spyratos: TODS 6:4, ’81

Ø= ;Cosmadakis, Papadimitrou: J. ACM ‘84

Ø= ;Dayal, Bernstein: VLDB ’78

Ø= ;De Amo et al: IDEAS ‘00
Ø= ;Hegner: J. Comp. Sys. Sci., ‘94 <= /span>

Ø= ;Keller, Ullman: SIGMOD ‘84

Ø= ;Lechtenbörger, Vossen: TODS 28:2, ‘03

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

tagging

SQL query

qSQL

vtag

result (relational)

user query

(XQuery)

user view

(XQuery)

default

view

result (XML)

vdef

vuser

q

vdef ○ = vuser ○ q =3D

qSQL ○ vtag

Example: composition

RDB schema

default view (XML)

user view (XML)

Shanmugasundar-
am et al, VLDB’01

push data and memory-intensive operations to the DBMS

It is query processing, really, but is in fact a meta data operation

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Example: Extract

= lView selection, answering queries using views

data
source

=    m¢<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

=    m<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

query
workload
q

   mx

view

m_mx

rewritten query against warehouse: Invert(m_mx) ○ q

<= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>data
warehouse<= /span>

minimizes cost (querying, maintenance) and satisfies constraints (space)

multiple queries

View selection problem: construct materialized view m_x that<= /font>

can be used to answer (a set of) = q

has minimal cost and satisfies op. constraints

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58

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Example: Diff

= lView complement: view update,
self-maintainability

=    m¢<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

=    m<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

=    mx

view

m_mx

   md

complement

view <= /span>

m_md

data
source

query
workload
q

data
warehouse

A data warehouse view is called self-maintainable if the updated warehouse can be computed directly given the reported changes in the sources without additional maintenance queries.

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59

P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Example: Confluence

V1 Å V2 =3D

Theodoratos et= al, DKE 39 (3), ‘01

Data warehousing: create a materialized view that can answer all queries {q1, = q2, …}

Each query q can be seen as a partial view (mapping) definition. Glue s= uch partial mappings together into a “multiquery graph”. Simplify= the graph =3D view selection. Result is set of view that can be used to answe= r the given queries.

That’s confluence of partial mappings.

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Outline

<= span style=3D'color:#969696;font-weight:normal'>lIntrodu= ction

<= span style=3D'color:#969696;font-weight:normal'>lMeta da= ta problems

<= span style=3D'color:#969696;font-weight:normal'>lDesign patterns

<= span style=3D'color:#969696;font-weight:normal'>lSolution templates

<= span style=3D'color:#969696;font-weight:normal'>lResearch background

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lWrap up

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

The Commercial World

lBooks for IT professionals

Ø= ;A. Tanenbaum: Metadata Solutions, Addison-<= /span>Wesley, 2001

Ø= ;D. Marco: Building and Managing the Meta Data Repository, Wiley, 2000

lStandards-

Ø= ;UML, MOF, CWM (OMG)

Ø= ;XML, RDF, XML Schema, OWL (W3C) =

lProducts and tools

Ø= ;Modeling: IBM Rational Rose, Visio, CA AllFusion, = Borland Together

Ø= ;General meta data managers: CA Advantage, <= /span>Microsoft Meta Data Services, MetaIntegration =

Ø= ;Meta data services in data warehousing ETL tools: = Informatica, Ascential, ETI, Data Advantage, ̷= 0;

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

The Research World

lModel Management

ØA computational meta data framework based on models, mappings, and the operators described here (Match, Merge, Compose, …) <= /span>

lMeta Data is a very active research area

ØPapers coming from many DB research groups

ØSome are problem-focused (e.g. data integration)&#= 13;

ØSome are operator-focused (e.g. Match, Merge)

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

Summary

l= Many DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data lMeta data problems and solutions strongly resemble one another <= /span>lMethodology: Use design patterns, solution templates, and operators to simplify development of meta data <= /span>applications
<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>lThere is much research to be done
l

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P.A. Bernstein, S. Melnik: Meta Data Management, ICDE'04 Boston

References

=

lhttp://research.micr= osoft.com/db/ModelMgt

lOverview

Ø= ;Bernstein, CIDR 2003

Ø= Bernstein, Halevy, Pottinger, S= IGMOD Record, Dec. 2000

lImplementation=

Ø= ;Melnik, Rahm, & Bernstein, = SIGMOD 2003
& J. Web Semantics 1, 2003

lData Warehouse Examples

Ø= ;Bernstein & Rahm, ER 2000&#= 13;

lMatch Operation

Ø= ;Survey: Rahm & Bernstein , = VLDB J., Dec. 2001

lMerge Operation

Ø= ;Pottinger & Bernstein, VLDB= 2003

Accent on i

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© 2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

This presentation is for informational purposes only. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS SUMMARY.

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Click to edit Master text styles

Second level

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‹#›

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SM: single operator are probably= just the following: Model Generation, Mapping Composition, Mapping Alignment= 3;
Schema Reintegration -> Model Reintegration?

SM: changed “design patter= ns depend …” to “applications depend …”

SM: Moved from slide to comments: “Match is usually not fully automatable”. Added “Mapping reuse” instead

SM: actually, ModelGen executes a functional meta-mapping between two meta-models. Output is a target model + mapping between source and target: <target, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(= source, meta-map);
Examples:

execute meta-mapping (rules):<SQL, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(ER, rules);

execute mapping: <X= SD2, instance map> =3D ExecuteMapping(XSD1, xslt);

Input mappings may be partial an= d/or inconsistent

Need model m to identify additions / deletions in mA and mB.
Cannot simply merge mA and mB (deletions are lost).

Map mA¢ a= nd mB¢

Need mapping between mA¢ a= nd mB¢

= Mapping reuse pattern: line 6 and 8

= mA¢ =3D m<= /span>A − deleted by way of mB

= mAx =3D ne= w in <= span style=3D'mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:200%'>m<= /span>A¢

= mA¢ =3D m<= /span>A − deleted by way of mB

= mAx =3D ne= w in <= span style=3D'mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:200%'>m<= /span>A¢

push data and memory-intensive operations to the DBMS

It is query processing, really, but is in fact a meta data operation<= /div>

minimizes cost (querying, maintenance) and satisfies constr= aints (space)

multiple queries

View selection problem: construct materialized view mx that

can be used to answer (a set of) q

has minimal cost and satisfies op. constraints

A data warehouse view is called self-maintainable if the updated warehouse can be computed directly given = the reported changes in the sources without additional maintenance queries.= 3;

Data warehousing: create a materialized view that can answer all quer= ies {q1, q2, …}
Each query q can be seen as a partial view (mapping) definition. Gl= ue such partial mappings together into a “multiquery graph”. Simp= lify the graph =3D view selection. Result is set of view that can be used to an= swer the given queries.
That’s confluence of partial mappings.

Accent on i
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FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/notes_flag.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCgAKAPcAAAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgMwENMTExPz8/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////ywAAAAACgAKAEAIKgDx4UNA sKDAgQUTJiCogGHDhBAfFlRAMSFCiAguTozYUGJEiAk0EhQYEAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/buttons.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWAESAPf4AAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgAQEBISEBASEBISEhAQEhMTExAQE /KTM9Pz8/ERERPz8BAT8/KSkpGRkhMTcxCRkxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////yH5BAEAAPgALAAAAABYARIA QAj/APEJHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGCEiQKCRo8YDIEHig2DxAD4LKD1avDDhgUuV GUOGbHBR5QGYFBG4fHAB58EKECJEwCfUYAWPFGAygLCRKQIIUKM6WAohKUGgCikcFWh1INWoYKVS 7SrQ41GbIhGYLAuVQVOoC+IyXUuUAkG1HE3KFDhAwkgJc5/qDZmxsOHDiBMrXsy4sePDGyP7lChT 5MULmDPnlDw5YmW6FTNrfgi0aNGEZPEtbfo2bNTUpYeeRph69dPWrqvCNFuBIGG1A59CYPAVQtwF cw0OxWdTIOiBCQAjaAB17fOFII8voGmRc+eOkilm/z9OvTtnjN4hYk1YoT3H2rnBOphPAB9skgq3 2lcaX/5YnJVt9BloAar12UEIRGCZdQghMABI1Tn32IQUVthYexhmqGGGMBHAgIfEhSiiiATAtOGJ GnYI4ogsEldicAYOGNJGZaml3Y0L3NTZUBz1xlB0PUoUI0jlVWRSVN89xBKSGB1YU1TMoRfVBEle hR9HQs1GEHxQ3RZZbveZthxt/LEmXHyp5XWABSCpaRJwbM13gAACPHVccgJFgF+NEhqUAEkQSCfc ddhVhh5dVTaEAEsTUNlkZUWKN9BNGDE6QU8OrSdbllzpxyVTTrU21Uj3scfhp7nNpyoDaTIEJ3P9 If8J2kbLNYegg9JRBwGhFvbq66+ZUiDssMQWK2yHxiZLrInKNotss8l+B5yBrr5p2UIJvortANoC 6+234IbLla/elRtZjeamh5CC3Sb0YLvixivvYkDFGlZqBNh7r4n6goVvv6/ZlCicN+kL71ALTnpQ dCIZp7CihkLA3UQmoWRBogyxtBPGCTnZncVR1rSTo5nuydC/Eo8kUH+lOoTyyvjoCuZu+PjYIKLD rZybtrM1d10C0QXKEVz48GrQkEeWdFJKlbb0UmEeV0SzyC6RvNB646LWIVjUNeC1zAFb+RDKXksM 9r531bwmpQW9+hQDDsx5pqwDRWBXcFES2hc+gEn/wJGdEEWdE6LoWcoxQweaTNmkhydkKaYMYY2Q p1unbLl/pPKbn3v7EZRvrKvqlja2ONvrtoIw9tn2g32/tQBlhtYkU+MNikZ7QYlPDPuMldpOmuJX nVo5VF3HjI+q89mteX5IDd/fVFClma5kiE4f2XUJhlz09gj2NbTDRifkmu7zXjR++RVJ/lPznuvr QH2iD6S+UewP9Dnon6d2NLwN8n90BB6hC68cFMCHoe+ACASP9c4DowUyEF0OPFcDI0ij/VXPaAKC UfhS95AKGoQ7IBRICI1HwhGaUIQoLGEKT6jCFrLwhSuMoQtlCMMZ2rCGOKShDm+4wxzy8Ic+DGIP B4cIRCKGMCAAOy== ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/frame.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Meta Data Management ------=_NextPart_01C4207E.9503F850 Content-Location: file:///C:/56531A34/BernsteinMelnikICDE04_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

Meta Data Manage= ment

Philip A. Bernstein

Sergey Melnik

{philbe, melnik}@microsoft.com

Microsoft Research

Seminar presented at ICDE, Boston, April 1, 2004

© 2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

2

Meta Data Manage= ment

Meta data =3D structural information

DB schema, interface defn, web site map, form defns, …

3

Meta Data Proble= ms

Data translation

Schema evolution

XML message translation

Application integration

Data warehouse loading

ER/UML design tools

Wrapper generation for SQL

UI / 4GL generation

Dependency tracking

Lineage tracing

Info resource mgmt

Binding, renaming

Software build (make)

Configuration mgmt

4

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Research background

Wrap up

5

Why Meta Data is Important

Many DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data

Instead of writing code

Instead of manipulating data directly

Meta-data-based solutions all involve models (schemas) and mappings<= /li>

Mappings - data transformations, queries, dependencies, …

Model, manipulate, and generate them

Usually, generate code from them

6

Example: Object-= Oriented Wrapper for SQL Tables

7

OO wrapper for S= QL (cont’d)

8

Example – = Data Translation

Translate data from one data model to another

Either write a program or generate it

9

Meta-data-Speak<= /a>

10

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Research background

Wrap up

11

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

12

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

13

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

14

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

15

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

16

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

17

Meta Data Solut= ion Template

18

Example –= Data Translation

19

20

Meta Data Probl= ems

Data translation

OO or XML wrapper generation for SQL DB

User-Interface / 4GL-program generation

Design tool support (DB, UML, …)

Model generation, reverse engineering

Round-trip engineering

Schema evolution (applies to all scenarios)

XML message translation for e-commerce

Integrate custom apps with commercial apps

21

Meta Data Probl= ems (cont’d)

Data warehouse loading (clean & transform)

Lineage tracing (provenance)

Information resource management

Dependency tracking

Impact analysis

Navigation between tools

Binding, renaming

Software build (make)

Version and configuration management

Release management

Product data management

22

Meta Data Solut= ions

They strongly resemble one another

We characterize that resemblance

Prototypical problems, or design patterns

Solution specifications, or solution templates

Primitive solution steps, or operators

Goals

A methodology to solve meta data problems

Ultimately, operator implementations to turn solution templates into solution programs

23

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Research background

Wrap up

24

Meta Data Design Patterns

Design pattern – a problem description consisting of

Input models and mappings

Output models and mappings

Criteria for the output to be correct

An application specializes it to meta models and mapping languages<= /li>

Solution template – a sequence of operators producing the desi= red output

Operators – a single step that computes a model and/or mapping= s

25

Operators

map =3D Match (M₁, M₂)

Return a mapping between the two models

áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D ModelGen(M_=
1, metamodel₂)

Return a model M₂ that is expressed in metamodel_{2
and is equivalent to model M₁}

áM₃,= map₁₃, map₂₃ñ =3D Merge (M₁, M₂, map)

Return the union of models M₁ and M₂

map₃ =3D Compose(map₁, map₂) =3D ma= p₁ ○ map₂

Return the composition of map₁ and map₂, whic= h is a mapping from map₁’s domain to map₂= 217;s range.

26

Operators (cont’d)

map₃ =3D Confluence(map₁, map₂) =3D= map₁ Å map₂

Return the “merge” of mappings map₁ and map<= sub>2

áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D Extract(M₁₌, map)

Return the sub-model of M₁ that participates in the mapp= ing map

áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D Diff(M_{1, map)}

Return the sub-model of M₁ that does not participate in = the mapping map

27

Design Patterns=

Meta Modeling

Model Mapping

Model Generation

Model Integration

Mapping Composition

Mapping Alignment

Change Propagation

Model Reintegration

28

Meta Modeling

Design pattern – develop a representation (i.e. metamodel) for models and mapp= ings

Applications – they all depend on this

Solution template

Design a metamodel

Write Import & Export functions

ImportSQL, ImportXSD, ImportERD, …

Today, it is manual engineering design

Design once and reuse often

29

Meta Modeling (cont’d)

The Import function for models

Parse text

Copy elements of the parsed form into a model that conforms to its metamodel

The Import function for mappings

Same as models but may require more semantic analysis

E.g., program dependencies, data lineage

For some languages and mapping metamodels, Export is hard (e.g., XS= LT)

30

Model Mapping

Design pattern – Design a mapping between two models and gener= ate code from it

31

An XML Mapping = Tool

32

A Data Warehouse Loading Tool

33

Model Generatio= n

Design pattern – Given a model, generate an equivalent model in another metamodel

34

Model Integrati= on

35

Mapping Composi= tion

Design pattern – Compose two given mappings

36

Mapping Alignme= nt

Design pattern – Align two mappings between the same pair of models

37

Model Reintegra= tion

38

Change Propagat= ion

39

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Model reintegration

Change propagation

Research background

Wrap up

40

Model reintegra= tion

Design pattern

Reconcile independent changes

All changes of each model

No “duplicate additions”

Simplified example

“Additions” =3D add model element
   (also:= drop constraints, reorg. model)

“Deletions” =3D delete model element
   (also:= add constraints, reorg. model)

Mappings shown as lines betw. elements

41

42

"Direct mo= del integration “loses"

Direct model integration “loses” either deletions or additions

Need m, m_m_A, m_m_B

43

"Propagate deletions before integrating m_A..."

Propagate deletions before integrating m_A and m_B

44

"Compositi= on produces a partial mapping"

Composition produces a partial mapping

45

"Identify<= br> additions
(Diff"

Identify
additions
(Diff)

Match m_Ax and m_Bx

46

"Merge
m_A"

Merge
m_A¢ and m_B¢ using m_A¢_m_B&c= ent;

47

Solution script=

48

49

Solution script=

50

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Model reintegration

Change propagation

Research background

Wrap up

51

Change propagat= ion

Solution template

Propagate deletions

Include additions

Merge result

52

Change propagat= ion

53

First-cut taxon= omy of patterns

54

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Research background

Wrap up

55

Foundation of o= perators

View & schema integration (Merge)

Batini et al: ACM Comp. Surveys, 18 (4), ’86

Beeri, Milo: ICDT ‘99

Biskup, Convent: SIGMOD ‘86

Buneman et al: EDBT ’92

Casanova, Vidal: SIGMOD ‘83

Lenzerini: PODS ’02

Motro: IEEE TSE, 13:7, ’87

Pottinger, Berstein: VLDB ’03

Rosenthal, Reiner: TODS 19 (2), ‘94

Spaccapietra, Parent: TKDE 6 (2), ’94

Composition of queries, views, GLAV maps; query processing

Abiteboul, Vianu, Hull: Addison-Wesley, 1995

Fernandez et al: TODS 27 (4), ’02

Madhavan, Halevy: VLDB’03

Papakonstantinou et al, SIGMOD ’99

Shanmugasundaram et al, VLDB ’01

Shu et al, TODS 2 (2), ’77

56

Example: compos= ition

57

Example: Extrac= t

View selection, answering queries using views

58

Example: Diff

View complement: view update,
self-maintainability

59

Example: Conflu= ence

60

Outline

Introduction

Meta data problems

Design patterns

Solution templates

Research background

Wrap up

61

The Commercial = World

Books for IT professionals

A. Tanenbaum: Metadata Solutions, Addison-Wesley, 2001

D. Marco: Building and Managing the Meta Data Repository, Wiley, 20= 00

Standards-

UML, MOF, CWM (OMG)

XML, RDF, XML Schema, OWL (W3C)

Products and tools

Modeling: IBM Rational Rose, Visio, CA AllFusion, Borland Together<= /li>
General meta data managers: CA Advantage, Microsoft Meta Data Servi= ces, MetaIntegration

Meta data services in data warehousing ETL tools: Informatica, Ascential, ETI, Data Advantage, …

62

The Research Wo= rld

Model Management

A computational meta data framework based on models, mappings, and = the operators described here (Match, Merge, Compose, …)

Meta Data is a very active research area

Papers coming from many DB research groups

Some are problem-focused (e.g. data integration)

Some are operator-focused (e.g. Match, Merge)

63

Summary

Many DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data

Meta data problems and solutions strongly resemble one another

Methodology: Use design patterns, solution templates, and operators = to simplify development of meta data applications

There is much research to be done

64

References<= /font>

http://research.microsoft.com/db/ModelMgt

Overview

Bernstein, CIDR 2003

Bernstein, Halevy, Pottinger, SIGMOD Record, Dec. 2000

Implementation

Melnik, Rahm, & Bernstein, SIGMOD 2003
& J. Web Semantics 1, 2003

Data Warehouse Examples

Bernstein & Rahm, ER 2000

Match Operation

Survey: Rahm & Bernstein , VLDB J., Dec. 2001

Merge Operation

Pottinger & Bernstein, VLDB 2003

65

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	SM: single operator are probably just the following: Model Generation, Mapping Composition, Mapping Alignment
	Schema Reintegration -> Model Reintegration?


	SM: changed “design patterns depend …” to “applicatio= ns depend …”


	SM: Moved from slide to comments: “Match is usually not fully automatable”. Added “Mapp= ing reuse” instead


	SM: actually, ModelGen executes a functional meta-mapping between two meta-models. Output is a target model + mapping between source and target: <target, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(source, meta-map);
	Examples:
	execute meta-mapping (rules):<= ;SQL, map> =3D ExecuteMapping(ER, rules);
	execute mapping: <XSD2, insta= nce map> =3D ExecuteMapping(XSD1, xslt);


	Need model m to identify additions / deletions in mA and mB.
	Cannot simply merge mA and mB (deletions are lost).


	Map m_A and m= _B
	Need mapping between m_A and m= _B


	Mapping reuse pattern: line 6 and 8
	m_A =3D m_A− deleted by way of m_B
	m_Ax =3D new in m_A= ;


	push data and memory-intensive operations to the DBMS
	It is query processing, really, but is in fact a meta data operation


	minimizes cost (querying, maintenance) and satisfies constraints (space)
	multiple queries
	View selection problem: construct materialized view m_x that<= /font>
	can be used to answer (a set of) = q
	has minimal cost and satisfies op. constraints


	A data warehouse view is called self-maintainable if the updated warehouse can be computed directly given the reported changes in the sources without additional maintenance queries.


	Data warehousing: create a materialized view that can answer all queries {q1, = q2, …}
	Each query q can be seen as a partial view (mapping) definition. Glue s= uch partial mappings together into a “multiquery graph”. Simplify= the graph =3D view selection. Result is set of view that can be used to answe= r the given queries.
	That’s confluence of partial mappings.

1	Meta Data Manage= ment Philip A. Bernstein Sergey Melnik {philbe, melnik}@microsoft.com Microsoft Research Seminar presented at ICDE, Boston, April 1, 2004 © 2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
2	Meta Data Manage= ment Meta data =3D structural information DB schema, interface defn, web site map, form defns, …
3	Meta Data Proble= ms Data translation Schema evolution XML message translation Application integration Data warehouse loading ER/UML design tools Wrapper generation for SQL UI / 4GL generation Dependency tracking Lineage tracing Info resource mgmt Binding, renaming Software build (make) Configuration mgmt
4	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Research background Wrap up
5	Why Meta Data is Important Many DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data Instead of writing code Instead of manipulating data directly Meta-data-based solutions all involve models (schemas) and mappings<= /li> Mappings - data transformations, queries, dependencies, … Model, manipulate, and generate them Usually, generate code from them
6	Example: Object-= Oriented Wrapper for SQL Tables
7	OO wrapper for S= QL (cont’d)
8	Example – = Data Translation Translate data from one data model to another Either write a program or generate it
9	Meta-data-Speak<= /a>
10	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Research background Wrap up
11	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
12	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
13	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
14	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
15	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
16	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
17	Meta Data Solut= ion Template
18	Example –= Data Translation
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20	Meta Data Probl= ems Data translation OO or XML wrapper generation for SQL DB User-Interface / 4GL-program generation Design tool support (DB, UML, …) Model generation, reverse engineering Round-trip engineering Schema evolution (applies to all scenarios) XML message translation for e-commerce Integrate custom apps with commercial apps
21	Meta Data Probl= ems (cont’d) Data warehouse loading (clean & transform) Lineage tracing (provenance) Information resource management Dependency tracking Impact analysis Navigation between tools Binding, renaming Software build (make) Version and configuration management Release management Product data management
22	Meta Data Solut= ions They strongly resemble one another We characterize that resemblance Prototypical problems, or design patterns Solution specifications, or solution templates Primitive solution steps, or operators Goals A methodology to solve meta data problems Ultimately, operator implementations to turn solution templates into solution programs
23	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Research background Wrap up
24	Meta Data Design Patterns Design pattern – a problem description consisting of Input models and mappings Output models and mappings Criteria for the output to be correct An application specializes it to meta models and mapping languages<= /li> Solution template – a sequence of operators producing the desi= red output Operators – a single step that computes a model and/or mapping= s
25	Operators map =3D Match (M₁, M₂) Return a mapping between the two models áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D ModelGen(M_= 1, metamodel₂) Return a model M₂ that is expressed in metamodel_{2 and is equivalent to model M₁} áM₃,= map₁₃, map₂₃ñ =3D Merge (M₁, M₂, map) Return the union of models M₁ and M₂ map₃ =3D Compose(map₁, map₂) =3D ma= p₁ ○ map₂ Return the composition of map₁ and map₂, whic= h is a mapping from map₁’s domain to map₂= 217;s range.
26	Operators (cont’d) map₃ =3D Confluence(map₁, map₂) =3D= map₁ Å map₂ Return the “merge” of mappings map₁ and map<= sub>2 áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D Extract(M₁₌, map) Return the sub-model of M₁ that participates in the mapp= ing map áM₂,= map₁₂ñ =3D Diff(M_{1, map)} Return the sub-model of M₁ that does not participate in = the mapping map
27	Design Patterns= Meta Modeling Model Mapping Model Generation Model Integration Mapping Composition Mapping Alignment Change Propagation Model Reintegration
28	Meta Modeling Design pattern – develop a representation (i.e. metamodel) for models and mapp= ings Applications – they all depend on this Solution template Design a metamodel Write Import & Export functions ImportSQL, ImportXSD, ImportERD, … Today, it is manual engineering design Design once and reuse often
29	Meta Modeling (cont’d) The Import function for models Parse text Copy elements of the parsed form into a model that conforms to its metamodel The Import function for mappings Same as models but may require more semantic analysis E.g., program dependencies, data lineage For some languages and mapping metamodels, Export is hard (e.g., XS= LT)
30	Model Mapping Design pattern – Design a mapping between two models and gener= ate code from it
31	An XML Mapping = Tool
32	A Data Warehouse Loading Tool
33	Model Generatio= n Design pattern – Given a model, generate an equivalent model in another metamodel
34	Model Integrati= on
35	Mapping Composi= tion Design pattern – Compose two given mappings
36	Mapping Alignme= nt Design pattern – Align two mappings between the same pair of models
37	Model Reintegra= tion
38	Change Propagat= ion
39	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Model reintegration Change propagation Research background Wrap up
40	Model reintegra= tion Design pattern Reconcile independent changes All changes of each model No “duplicate additions” Simplified example “Additions” =3D add model element (also:= drop constraints, reorg. model) “Deletions” =3D delete model element (also:= add constraints, reorg. model) Mappings shown as lines betw. elements
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42	"Direct mo= del integration “loses" Direct model integration “loses” either deletions or additions Need m, m_m_A, m_m_B
43	"Propagate deletions before integrating m_A..." Propagate deletions before integrating m_A and m_B
44	"Compositi= on produces a partial mapping" Composition produces a partial mapping
45	"Identify<= br> additions (Diff" Identify additions (Diff) Match m_Ax and m_Bx
46	"Merge m_A" Merge m_A¢ and m_B¢ using m_A¢_m_B&c= ent;
47	Solution script=
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49	Solution script=
50	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Model reintegration Change propagation Research background Wrap up
51	Change propagat= ion Solution template Propagate deletions Include additions Merge result
52	Change propagat= ion
53	First-cut taxon= omy of patterns
54	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Research background Wrap up
55	Foundation of o= perators View & schema integration (Merge) Batini et al: ACM Comp. Surveys, 18 (4), ’86 Beeri, Milo: ICDT ‘99 Biskup, Convent: SIGMOD ‘86 Buneman et al: EDBT ’92 Casanova, Vidal: SIGMOD ‘83 Lenzerini: PODS ’02 Motro: IEEE TSE, 13:7, ’87 Pottinger, Berstein: VLDB ’03 Rosenthal, Reiner: TODS 19 (2), ‘94 Spaccapietra, Parent: TKDE 6 (2), ’94 Composition of queries, views, GLAV maps; query processing Abiteboul, Vianu, Hull: Addison-Wesley, 1995 Fernandez et al: TODS 27 (4), ’02 Madhavan, Halevy: VLDB’03 Papakonstantinou et al, SIGMOD ’99 Shanmugasundaram et al, VLDB ’01 Shu et al, TODS 2 (2), ’77
56	Example: compos= ition
57	Example: Extrac= t View selection, answering queries using views
58	Example: Diff View complement: view update, self-maintainability
59	Example: Conflu= ence
60	Outline Introduction Meta data problems Design patterns Solution templates Research background Wrap up
61	The Commercial = World Books for IT professionals A. Tanenbaum: Metadata Solutions, Addison-Wesley, 2001 D. Marco: Building and Managing the Meta Data Repository, Wiley, 20= 00 Standards- UML, MOF, CWM (OMG) XML, RDF, XML Schema, OWL (W3C) Products and tools Modeling: IBM Rational Rose, Visio, CA AllFusion, Borland Together<= /li> General meta data managers: CA Advantage, Microsoft Meta Data Servi= ces, MetaIntegration Meta data services in data warehousing ETL tools: Informatica, Ascential, ETI, Data Advantage, …
62	The Research Wo= rld Model Management A computational meta data framework based on models, mappings, and = the operators described here (Match, Merge, Compose, …) Meta Data is a very active research area Papers coming from many DB research groups Some are problem-focused (e.g. data integration) Some are operator-focused (e.g. Match, Merge)
63	Summary Many DB problems are easier to solve by manipulating meta data Meta data problems and solutions strongly resemble one another Methodology: Use design patterns, solution templates, and operators = to simplify development of meta data applications There is much research to be done
64	References<= /font> http://research.microsoft.com/db/ModelMgt Overview Bernstein, CIDR 2003 Bernstein, Halevy, Pottinger, SIGMOD Record, Dec. 2000 Implementation Melnik, Rahm, & Bernstein, SIGMOD 2003 & J. Web Semantics 1, 2003 Data Warehouse Examples Bernstein & Rahm, ER 2000 Match Operation Survey: Rahm & Bernstein , VLDB J., Dec. 2001 Merge Operation Pottinger & Bernstein, VLDB 2003
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